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Situation What the evidence shows Planning use An idea with no evidence behind it Hypotheses without evidence-based justification are not received favourably…

Methodology element Effect on the reader Planning use Method, rationale and limitations Readers learn how the research was conducted, why that method…

A student pastes the first paragraph of their introduction into the abstract box. An example of an abstract shows why that fails:…

Scientists describe the layers of the earth model to explain Earth’s internal structure. The model shows distinct shells that differ by composition, state, and temperature. It helps researchers…